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a nullable type with a reference type； you will get a Visual Basic piler error。 Nullable types are designed
for use by value types； and there is no other mystical or magical reason to use a nullable type。
Partial Classes and Methods
By default； whenever you create a type； you must declare the plete type in one file and as
one entity。 For example； the following class would need to be declared in the context of a single file。
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Class Example
Const BaseValue as Integer = 10
Public Sub AddNumbers（ByVal value1 As Integer； _
ByVal value2 As Integer； _
ByRef response As Integer）
response = BaseValue ＋ value1 ＋ value2
End Sub
End Class
The Example class has a single method AddNumbers； and the method implementation adds
two numbers to a base value （BaseValue）。 Everything is in a single file。 But suppose you wanted
to automatically generate Example； and have it generate the data member BaseValue； but not
the method AddNumbers。 To do that； you would need to split the class into two separate classes；
where one class subclasses the other：
Class BaseGenerated
Protected Const BaseValue As Integer = 10
End Class
Class Example ： Inherits BaseGenerated
Public Sub AddNumbers（ByVal value1 As Integer； _
ByVal value2 As Integer； _
ByRef response As Integer）
response = BaseValue ＋ value1 ＋ value2
End Sub
End Class
Having one class subclass the other is fine； and it works。 The class BaseGenerated could be
stored in one file； and Example could be stored in another file。 But that approach can be a bit
problematic； as it implies a specific architecture where one class subclasses the other。 Another
approach would be to use the Partial keyword in the context of a class； as follows：
Class Example
Const BaseValue As Integer = 10
End Class
Partial Class Example
Public Sub AddNumbers（ByVal value1 As Integer； _
ByVal value2 As Integer； _
ByRef response As Integer）
response = BaseValue ＋ value1 ＋ value2
End Sub
End Class
When you use the Partial keyword； you are defining a partial class。 The plete class is
the sum of all the separate partial class definitions for the class （which could； and typically
would； reside in separate files）。 Thus； one part of the class could be autogenerated； and the
other piece could be hand…coded。
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CH AP T E R 1 6 ■ L E A R N I N G A B OU T O TH E R V IS U AL B A SI C T E C HN IQ U E S 429
A requirement of partial classes is that they must be wholly defined in an assembly。 The
partial class is of relevance only to the Visual Basic piler； and not to the language。
Another usage of the Partial keyword is to have methods that are defined in one place but
implemented in another。 Think of partial methods as defining an abstract class method and
implementing it within the same class。 The following is an example of using a partial method。
Class Example
Partial Private Sub AddNumbers（ByVal value1 As Integer； _
ByVal value2 As Integer； _
ByRef response As Integer）
End Sub
Public Sub Method（）
Dim response As Integer = 0
AddNumbers（1； 2； response）
Console。WriteLine（〃Added numbers （〃 & response & 〃）〃）
End Sub
End Class
Partial Class Example
Private Sub AddNumbers（ByVal value1 As Integer； _
ByVal value2 As Integer； _
ByRef response As Integer）
response = value1 ＋ value2
End Sub
End Class
Partial methods are defined in the context of a partial class。 In one part of your class； you
would prefix the identifier Partial to the method and declare it。 In the other part of the class；
you would implement the method。
Partial methods； like partial classes； have some restrictions：
o They must be declared as a Sub。
o They must be declared to be Private。
o The methods can be shared and use extension methods。
Overall； partial methods and classes should not be used as a general programming practice；
because they are intended to be employed in the context of autogenerated code （such as
Form1。vb in Windows forms）。 When used in that context； partial methods and classes are an
excellent solution。
Partial methods are also useful substitutes for conditional pilation constants； because
if you don’t implement a partial method； any mention of it is removed from the piled class。
This means； for example； that you can wrap the implementation with a single #If； rather than
littering many instances of #If in your code。 Here’s an example：
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430 CH AP T E R 1 6 ■ L E A R N I N G A B OU T O TH E R V IS U AL B A SI C TE C H N IQ U E S
Partial Private Sub Display（ByVal message As String）
End Sub
#If DEBUG Then
Private Sub Display（ByVal message As String）
Console。WriteLine（message）
End Sub
#End If
Sub RunAll（）
RunFirst（）
Display（〃Done RunFirst（）〃）
RunSecond（）
Display（〃Done RunSecond（）〃）
RunThird（）
Display（〃Done RunThird（）〃）
End Sub
The Important Stuff to Remember
In this chapter； you learned about some Visual Basic techniques that are useful in specific situ
ations。 Here are the points you should keep in mind：
o You will need to use the arithmetic operators。 Some are obvious； others are not。 Take the
time to get used to coding with them。
o Overloading operators makes sense when you need to define custom types and you
want them to support basic operators such as add； subtract； and so on。 When imple
menting the operators； be careful to do a logically correct implementation。
o To be able to use methods or properties on generics parameters； they need to be
constrained。 Constraints are an effective way of indicating basic functionality possessed
by generics types。 Even though you could usually achieve the same results using
interfaces； that approach is not as elegant。
o Visual Basic has the GoTo keyword； even though some consider the use of GoTo as poor
programming。 Visual Basic has ensured that you can’t easily shoot yourself in the foot。
o The nullable type is used to indicate whether or not a value type has been assigned。 You
will use this type when interacting with a database type