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aTicket。Numbers（2） = numberToSearch OrElse _
aTicket。Numbers（3） = numberToSearch OrElse _
aTicket。Numbers（4） = numberToSearch OrElse _
aTicket。Numbers（5） = numberToSearch Then
runningTotal ＋= 1
End If
Next
Return runningTotal
End Function
Notice the similarity of the code to the code presented in Chapter 9。 The problem with this
code is that you are iterating and solving a particular problem。 The code cannot be easily adapted
to solving another problem。
The reusable code is in the form of a LINQ expression：
Private Function FrequencyOfANumber（ByVal numberToSearch As Integer） As Integer
Dim query = From ticket In _tickets _
Where ticket。Numbers（0） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（1） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（2） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（3） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（4） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（5） = numberToSearch _
Select ticket。Numbers
Return query。Count（）
End Function
The LINQ expression uses many constructs similar to a SQL SELECT statement。 Here are
the basic rules of LINQ：
o All LINQ queries must have a data source （From）。
o All LINQ queries must have a filter （Where）； however； if the filter does not exist； an auto
matic include…everything filter is implied。
o All LINQ queries must have a resulting dataset creator （Select）。
To execute a LINQ expression； you need a data source。 The data source could be an object
list； an XML document； or even a relational database table。 In the example； the data source is
an object list and is defined using the From statement：
From ticket In _tickets
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404 CH AP T E R 1 5 ■ L E A R N I N G A B OU T L I N Q
Looking at the From statement； you could get the idea that it is a For Each statement without
the types。 Indeed； the iteration happens only when you actually try to use the result of the LINQ
query。 The From statement is saying to iterate the data source and assign each element （a Ticket） to
the variable ticket。 Note； however； that there is no explicit type information； which is one of
the strengths of LINQ—you have the ability to easily slice and dice data to suit your needs。
As you retrieve each item； you want to verify whether the item matches your needs。 If you
look at the code that isn’t reusable； you’ll see that it checks this with an If statement。 In LINQ；
you use the Where statement； which is similar to its SQL equivalent。 With the Where statement；
you test to see if the item matches your criteria。 In our case； we check each number in the
Ticket instance to see if it matches the number we’re currently seeking。
If the Where returns True； we have a match and we will want to do something。 In the code
that isn’t reusable； that means incrementing the runningTotal integer。 In LINQ； the aim is to
filter the data source （_tickets in our case）； and thus the Select statement is used to create a
new result set of drawn numbers。 This result set contains all of the draws with the number we’re
looking for （numberToSearch）； and if the draws are counted； we can get the frequency of that
number； which we then return。
Let’s look at the LINQ that could be used to find the frequency of two numbers being drawn。
Function FrequencyOfTwoNumbers（ByVal number1ToSearch As Integer； _
ByVal number2ToSearch As Integer） As Integer
Dim query = From ticket2 In _
（From ticket In _tickets _
Where ticket。Numbers（0） = number1ToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（1） = number1ToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（2） = number1ToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（3） = number1ToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（4） = number1ToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（5） = number1ToSearch _
Select ticket） _
Where ticket2。Numbers（0） = number2ToSearch _
Or ticket2。Numbers（1） = number2ToSearch _
Or ticket2。Numbers（2） = number2ToSearch _
Or ticket2。Numbers（3） = number2ToSearch _
Or ticket2。Numbers（4） = number2ToSearch _
Or ticket2。Numbers（5） = number2ToSearch _
Select ticket2。Numbers
Return query。Count（）
End Function
The LINQ statement is a concatenation of two LINQ queries； where one LINQ query is
bolded。 When the query is executed； the embedded query is executed and generates a result
set。 The result set is a data source on which the outer and second query operates； which then
generates another result set。
You do not need to embed LINQ queries as in the preceding code。 You could write functions
and embed the result of a LINQ query as the data source of another LINQ query。 The power of
LINQ is that you can； in theory； arbitrarily embed many queries within other queries； since you
are creating a filtering mechanism where one result set is the data source of another query。
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CH AP T E R 1 5 ■ L E A R N I N G A B OU T L I N Q 405
■Note LINQ’s strength is in its ability to slice and dice data to find the information that you want （which is
easy because it is data source–agnostic）。 LINQ requires more resources than similar Visual Basic code in
longhand format。 But the benefit you get with LINQ is reusable code that you can maintain。
In the preceding section； we used LINQ to solve the frequency problem in a manner that
promoted reusability。 For example； if you wanted to find out more statistics of the lottery draws； all
you would need to do is write more LINQ statements that sliced and diced the existing list
of lottery draws。 It would require adding only the method calls to the IExtendedProcessor。
Destroy（） method。 However； let’s consider the problem solved and think about what else can
be done with LINQ。
Learning More LINQ Tricks
LINQ is not the only way to filter data。 Associated with LINQ are a number of extension methods
that can be applied to lists。 For example； to filter for the frequency of a particular number； the
following code could also have been used。
Function FrequencyOfANumber（ByVal numberToSearch As Integer） As Integer
Dim query = _tickets。Where（ _
Function（ticket； index） _
ticket。Numbers（0） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（1） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（2） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（3） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（4） = numberToSearch _
Or ticket。Numbers（5） = numberToSearch）
Return query。Count（）
End Function
The ideas of LINQ that include From； Where； and Select are not lost； they just have not been
used。 The From part is the _tickets variable itself。 The Where part is the method Where（）； and the
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